Ergonomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ergonomics - Research Paper Example Ergonomics therefore transcends the process of designing equipment and furniture that is safe and easy to use by humans. Ergonometric designs are normally necessary for the prevention of strain injuries that are always a problem in people who operate machines and equipment for long periods of time. This research therefore seeks to find out the extent to which ergonomics is applied in the conventional workplace. Ergonomics is basically concerned with the interaction between the users of the equipment, the environment and the equipment used (Rosskam, 2009). In the process, it takes into account the aspects of capabilities of people coupled with their various limitations in the process of using machines to operate in the environments. In order to determine the interaction between the human beings and a particular technology, ergonomists will consider the particular work to be undertaken, the needs of the user, the machines to be used and how the particular machine fits the job to be done. As a discipline, ergonomics therefore draws much from other disciplines including engineering, biomechanics, psychology, industrial design, information design and physiology. The discipline of ergonomics is normally segmented into three different divisions. Physical ergonomics mostly deals with human anatomy and how aspects like physiology, anthropometric and bio mechanical characteristics affect the process of physical activity of the people (Murrell, 2008). Cognitive ergonomics on the other hand, deals with the interaction between the various mental processes of memory perception and motor response and the various functioning of the body in a system. In this regard, such aspects like skilled performance, decision making, human-computer interaction and human reliability come in handy as factors to be considered in the design of human interaction systems. Finally, organizational ergonomics deals with

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law - Essay Example This is why some evidence is kept for years under protection to ensure that every suspected criminal is rightfully charged. Doctor and attorney client privileges exist because every individual has a right to defend themselves by using an attorney before being charged. The defendants also have the right for a doctor in case they have medical complications. Every suspected criminal is expected to have an attorney who are of high qualities, excellent judgment, absolute integrity, fearless and have good knowledge of the case and the evidence presented to them (Totten, 2012). Privileges to an attorney and provision of doctor are very essential as it prevent innocent people from being prosecuted or individuals who are found guilty being given a fair trial that guarantees them a reasonable sentence depending on the crimes they have been found guilty for. The way a case is handled does not only affect the prosecuted and the prosecutors but the society at large. This is why the decision or th e judgment of the prosecutors should not be based on the public pressure, political influence or media instead should be based on the evidence found and the level the attorneys can prove the guilt or the innocence of the person at interest. This is why the prosecutors say that it is never easy being the one to make a judgment of whether a person is guilty or not, being able to put someone in jail makes the journey so lonely that there are people waiting for your decision and whichever you give one party will be hurt. The job takes character; it dictates one to have self confidence and inner strength (Totten, 2012). Without having solid moral direction and be compassionate in their approach the society will judge them and try to bring them down. Where there is evidence, the prosecutor should be guided by common sense and fairness because the decision they make may extremely affect the lives of many others than the suspected criminal. Suspected criminal should have privilege for an at torney who is supposed to represent them regardless of the amount of evidence found against them. This ensures that the evidence provided is properly marshaled and severely adduced because there can never be a fair trial without fair prosecution and presentation of enough evidence. The attorney also tries to reduce the charges brought against their clients by taking up deals (Siegel, 2009). The attorney is required to have the client attorney privilege of ensuring that they keep everything the client has told them under protection unless they decide not to represent those clients. Question 2 In the case Ulster v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 1979, presumptions as evidence was used where the defendants refused to the introduction of the guns into evidence since there was no enough prove to connect them with the guns. The trial court canceled the protest, relying on the presumption of custody created by a New York law providing that the existence of a weapon in a vehicle is presumptive confir mation of its unlawful ownership by all people then occupying the automobile, except when inter alia, the weapon is set up upon the individual of one of the occupants (Samaha, 20111). To find guilty a criminal defendant, the prosecutor must confirm

Future Of The Banking Sector

Future Of The Banking Sector Online banking has been shaping and shaking the financial sector world wide. But sustainability depend on proper understanding of consumer, there demand and the way they use it. The main objective of this report is to focus on technology (especially IT) use in banking sectors. It also focuses on Limited Purpose Bank and Credit Card system. Thus objectives of the study are to: Changes of future banking sector and impact of information systems. Limited purpose bank and use of technology in facilitating special purpose. Consumer banking and various consumer facilities provided by bank using information systems. Understand and suggest the online bank on the basis findings. Credit card banks, sub-prime lenders, and Internet primary banks [Mahboob, 2001] FUTURE OF BANKING SECTOR Consolidation of the banking industry: What are the prospects for, and implications of, further consolidation of the banking industry, particularly relating to safety and soundness, market concentration, and small business credit? Combinations of commerce and banking: In future the questions may arise concerning the pros and cons of allowing common ownership and the options for regulating combinations. Supervisory issues: The implications for bank supervision for the growing complexity of large banking organizations may be other questions. Governance issues: There are many corporate scandals that have led to efforts to hold our corporate management and directors to a higher level of standard [Willium, 1996] LIMITED PURPOSE BANK Limited-purpose banks are institutions that specialize in relatively narrow business lines. Making a certain type of loan, serving as a subset of consumers and offering different innovative products some limited-purpose banks create their market. They focus niche marketing concerning limited set of activities these banking institutions can develop expertise in particular business lines and can become efficient producers. Specialization may have been promoted by technological innovations. Credit card banks offer their customers both convenience and liquidity by providing a financial product that can be used as a means of payment and a source of instant credit. Some banks provide banking services through internet are known as primary banks [American Banker,1996] CREDIT CARD BANK The credit card banks provide their customers with both convenience and liquidity by offering a product that can be used as a payment device and as an open-end revolving credit. There is no fixed duration to allow credit card loans that complicates the measurement of interest- rate risk. It creates the problems of adverse selection because of mass marketing of credit cards, small average balances on individual accounts. High interest rates results in high profitability of credit card loans, fee income, securitization, successful use of technology, and scale economies in operations. We can expect that the prosperity of credit card banks will continue [Ashust, 1996]. There are some benefits and Costs for Participants having a Credit Card. Types of Participants Functions Advantages Costs Card holder Purchasing of goods and services. Carrying money without carrying cash Convenient purchases Having ability to payment timely to match cash flows Easy access to credit Bonus using Easy access to float Others features Having more interest rates and fees Some difficulties to manage credit Merchants Sales of goods and services. Almost no risks of carrying credit card and selling to consumers. Getting the guaranty of payment Advantages of access to large number of consumer base. Interchange fees on sales have to pay to card holders Problem of Losing private credit information such as marketing information, customer loyalty, interest income and so on Issuing Bank Extending credit to the card holders Collection of payments from card holders Distribution of cards Authorization of transactions Receivables collection It is easy to collect fees from the card holders Interest rate spreads can be collect easily Gaining the ability to cross sell to their consumers Ability of being able to share interchange fees There are some fraud risk concerning credit card Managing costs of credit card Card Association Establishment of rules standards and standard protocols for governing participation in their network Promotion of the brand of Bank Formation of interchange fee structure Collection of assessment fees Collection of transaction fees Costs of expanding market Costs of maintaining network Cost of taking different fraud reducing programs TECHNOLOGICAL USE IN BANKING SECTOR Improvements in the technological field have played significant role in the growth of financial services industry as well as in the growth of limited-purpose banks. There are some people who think that specialization in financial institution comes from improvements in technology. Banking sector is going to get fully technology based. Most valuable reasons are the huge task conducted by business firms. Banks are giving consumer service and getting more consumers oriented such as ATM service, Internet Banking, SME Loan, Priority Banking and so on. Banks are now competitive because of combination of banks and commerce. So they have to provide quick service such as check funding, quick withdrawal, fund transfer, LC opening etc.For various purposes data-mining techniques are used in the financial industry. Credit scoring is the most mentionable example of the use. To produce a score to summarize a credit risk banks use statistical techniques and historical data as a credit scoring process. Credit scoring is a common form of speeding up credit decision to attract customers, and institutions use another efficient technique to identify their potential customers that is data-mining. In todays financial services industry electronic payment systems are important innovations having methods of transferring funds electronically. Because of having less physical branches these banks rely on Automated Teller Machines to give opportunity to their customers to access their cash. It also provides advantage of accessing on the automated clearing house to transfer fund. Credit card banks can process the payments within short time and having no physical existence of branches because of the development of technology. This dramatically reduces the cost of credit card banks. This development benefitted the credit card card banks as well as customers. Credit card banks take the traditional notion of banking as challenge and they provide unique product mixes to draw considerable attention of the new customers. They also have unique business model to get competitive advantage [Basel, June, 1996]. BANKING TECHNOLOGY Banking Kiosk A unique feature of the Versa Banker is its cheque deposit capability. It issues a receipt to deposit a cheque with a scanned image of the cheque. If a cheque is endorsed at the back detail transaction report is generated for the department of MIS of the bank. Personal Enquiries: The Versa banker allows you to check your account balance, print a mini statement and make cheque book requests. Internet Banking: Connect to the internet and carry out transactions through e-banking, with the help of Versa Banker. It is asked by the bank to view details of ones account and after that to make transactions online. ATM TMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers; they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions. ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of ones own bank account, such as: Updating  passbooks Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal fees, taxes, etc.) Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling. Loading monetary value into  stored value cards Printing  bank statements Purchasing Concert tickets Postage stamps Shopping mall  gift certificates Lottery  tickets Train tickets Movie tickets Donating to charities Adding pre-paid  cell phone  credit. Cheque Processing Module Games and promotional features ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER Electronic funds transfer  or  EFT  refers to the  computer-based systems used to perform  financial transactions  electronically. There is a number of different concepts that use this term: A cardholder makes use of payment card Direct deposit  payroll payments for a business to its employees, possibly via a  payroll services company Direct debit  payments from customer to business, where the transaction is initiated by the business with customer permission Electronic bill payment  in  online banking, which may be delivered by EFT or paper check Wire transfer  via an international banking network (generally carries a higher fee) Electronic Benefit Transfer MICR Check The MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. This technology is unique and uses magnetically chargeable ink and/or toner to print the special characters or numbers on the bottom of the checks. E-13B:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CMC-7:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States of America France Canada Spain Australia United Kingdom Other Mediterranean Countries Japan South America (except Colombia) India After printing, the documents are then processed mechanically and electronically through a reader-sorter machine. BANKS in BANGLADESH USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The two main technology based bank in Bangladesh are- Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd (DBBL) Eastern Bank Ltd (EBL) TECHNOLOGY USED BY DBBL Dutch-Bangla Bank offers a complete electronic banking facility for your company around the clock. Most multi-nationals use this service because it is advanced, secure and affordable. DBBL creates a custom banking service to suit any business of any size. The services have a wide range that includes cash flow services, distribution banking and salary accounts. If a company knows what type of custom and tailored banking service they need, DBBL can provide it instantly and at minimal cost (usually free of charge). For example for your starting point, DBBL has created Employee Banking program which allows: Providing employees with timely salary payments Transactions are properly logged for your easy reference Seamless and error free distribution of salaries Highly secure way of distributing money Lower manpower needed Reduces cash theft and misappropriation No cash at hand in the office, all cash finally distributed through the largest ATM network in Bangladesh DEBIT / CREDIT CARDS Dutch-Bangla Bank family, always believe that, as in everything else, you deserve the best in banking too. We are here to assist you 365 days round the clock through our Customer Care Center.Normal cards use a magnetic strip at the back of the card. The information and security on that magnetic strip is stationary and does not change. Hence it can be easily duplicated. But NexusEMVs processor uses its processor to fully digitally lock all the information. It prevents the information from being copied as the processor generates security codes rather than store it. It is a form of encryption. INTERNET BANKING DBBL allows you to do seamless internet banking. This allows you to review your account, statements, paying bills as well as making some transactions. Because of local banking regulations, DBBL is not allowed to provide some types of transactions even though it is fully capable. Additional Internet Banking Features for Corporate Banking: Letter of Credit Bank Guarantee Limits Query SMS/MOBILE BANKING DBBL pioneered Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. It was the first bank to offer banking facilties through a wide range of mobile phones. SMS (Short Messaging System) is an extremely unsecure method to do mobile banking. The mobile phone networks are unsecure and there is nothing DBBL can do but to take precautionary steps. To make the most of this unsecure scenario, DBBL issues you a mobile PIN number which is different from the DBBL pin number for your mobile transactions. Not under any circumstances is the DBBL PIN number to be used in mobile banking. A different PIN number and a mobile transaction limit imposed by DBBL provide some security (but not all) over the unsecure phone network. Clients should be aware and cautious that although DBBL does its best, it cannot guarantee full security over a phone network it has no control over. EBL INTERNET BANKING EBL Internet banking application more efficient than others bank and EBL addresses the needs of individual as well as corporate account holders of EBL. List of Transactions: Transfers and Payments modes of EBL: There are different modes of transferring funds and customer can choose the modes he likes to transfer funds from selecting different modes. The user also has the right to choose the source and destination accounts because it depends upon his rights. Utility Bill Payment System of EBL: The customer can transfer funds from his accounts for making Utility Bill Payments to utility companies. The mode payment is as set up by the Bank. Deposits: Maintaining Deposits The user can view all the deposits maintained by the corporate. The customers are able to encash a deposit before its maturity. Session Summary of EBL banking: The customer now able to view the transactions profiles performed in a session. SECURITY MECHANISMS Encryption Encryption is the usual way to meet the data confidentiality requirements and although using a symmetric algorithm (symmetric or asymmetric) could be used, there are good reasons for using symmetric [Financial times, November 8, 1996]. Message Authentication A Message Authentication Code (MAC) is a cryptographic checksum, calculated using a symmetric algorithm, which is appended to a message and which can be verified by the recipient of the message. The use of MAC is one method of providing the integrity and authentication services, but it is not appropriate for meeting the requirements for no repudiation. Digital Signature A digital signature is a checksum, calculated using the private key of an asymmetric key pair, which is appended to a message and which can be verified by anyone with access to the corresponding public key. The digital signature is dependent on the complete message, so any change to the message will be detected. The real difference between MAC and digital signature is that as well as providing integrity and authentication, the later also provide non-repudiation. Algorithms and Cryptographic Mechanisms The constraint linked with each cryptographic algorithm (computation resources, time to compute, key management, algorithm capability and design†¦) limits their use for only a given number of security services. The following table lists the main security services and states whether RSA or DES (Data Encryption Standard) can address them [Denny, 1998] CONCLUSION The present status of e-banking is not satisfactory in case of virtual banking, call center and SMS banking. But all banks under study have their connectivity with SWIFT channel. Major reason is that security concern. One study in Europe reported that there is 2.6% increase in establishment of Bank branches. That means that E-Banking is declining in Europe. The main concern is security. So, data confidentiality, integrity, proof of origin, peer entity authentication, non-repudiation must be ensured. A few problems have been experienced by the IT heads in the Banks such as withdrawal of money beyond the limit. This has taken place at ATM booths because there is agreement between Banks regarding networking. [Barbara, 1997]

On The Beach At Night Alone By Walt Whitman :: essays research papers

In â€Å"On the Beach at Night Alone,† Walt Whitman develops the idea that everyone has a connection with everything else, including nature. Whitman uses a variety of writing techniques to get his point across. First, the repetition and parallel structure that his poems contain reinforce the connection between everything in nature. The usage of â€Å"All† 11 times emphasizes the inclusion of everything in the universe. The sentence structure remains the same throughout the poem, without any drastic change; however, the length of the lines in the poem vary. In addition, Whitman’s’ extravagance with his words further illustrates his idea of the Over-Soul. For example, â€Å"A vast similitude interlocks all† (4) shows his verbose nature. Whitman does not do directly to the point, but gives every little detail. Most importantly, Whitman’s’ use of catalogues stands as the most recognizable Whitman characteristic that illustrates his beliefs . These long lists that he uses set the mood of the poem. â€Å"All spheres, grown, ungrown, small, large, suns, moons, planets,† (5) shows the idea that everything is connected in nature. Similarly, â€Å"All nations, colors, barbarisms, civilizations languages.† (10) furthermore emphasize Whitman’s belief in the Over-Soul. Although Whitman uses a great deal of structural ways to stress his ideas, he also uses many other ways of delivering his ideas. First of all, Whitman portrays himself as a public spokesman of the masses. The tone of the poem is a very loud, informative tone that grabs ones attention. The emphasis placed on the word â€Å"all† adds to the characterization of Whitman as a powerful speaker. Furthermore, Whitman takes part in his own poem. Participating in his own poem, Whitman moreover illustrates the connection between everything in life. Lastly, Whitman, most of all, celebrates universal brotherhood and democracy.

The Two Tragic Gods With Dual Personality

The Two Tragic Gods With Dual Personality—Demeter and Dionysus Unlike other immortal gods, who were little use to human beings, and were always marvelous, Demeter and Dionysus, known as gods of harvest, were undoubtedly humankind’s best friends; however, both of them also shouldered a tragic destiny. Unveiled their miraculous appearance, we could see that the two great gods of Earth were not only gods of reaping but also of suffering.Whenever winter came, the low temperature and the frost would wither the crops and grapes, left only shriveled braches. Suffered more than this, Dionysus would die in a terrible way with the coming of the cold: he was torn into pieces, but was always brought back to life; he died and rose again. On the other hand, Demeter would not die, but she also suffered from the painful separateness of her beloved daughter Persephone. It was well-known that both of the two divinities had another personality.Demeter’s anger was a horrible weapon. Mentioned in the book THE CLASSIC BESTSELLER MYTHOLOGY, Demeter could let nothing grow on Earth and turned it into a barren, leafless land. As men always called her the â€Å"Good Goddess†, she also featured a kind appearance. But among all her personalities, the idea of sorrow was foremost. But then, Dionysus, like wine was good as well as bad, also had two personal identities. He was man’s benefactor and was man’s destroyer.His wine was life-giving, and could heal several illnesses, but it was also fatal whenever you drink too much. Bringing all the good and bad things to humankind, Dionysus also was the tragic god as I mentioned above. He was also the embodiment of the life that is stronger than death, for he would rise every time he died. He was the assurance that death does not end all. Holding good and bad, reaping and suffering features, the two great gods of Earth—Demeter and Dionysus were not only mankind’s best friends but also a tragic fate sufferer.

Compare and Contrast. Russia and Japan

Both Japan and Russia experienced a major economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The government played a major role in both countries economic growth due to their support in industrialization and economic succession.Government support in order to build up industrial production systems, such as factories and infrastructure was heavy in both nations and resulted in radical political change, however they ways in which the two countries achieved their development goals differed in some aspects, for example, Russian industry did not require government support in getting raw materials for production like Japanese industries did.During At the time both countries were far behind in the global race to industrialize and desperately desired to catch up. This motivated the two governments to take drastic measures to catch up, but with the exception of a few basic principles they did so in very different ways.Russia, officially referred to as the Soviet Union at the t ime was under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. He industrialized using a tightly regulated system known as The First Five-Year Plan. This plan included many laws, the establishment of production quotas, collective farms, and established heavy government regulation over the economy.It was successful in industrializing Russia at a whirlwind pace with the creation of many factories and huge technological advancements, but at a large cost of the lives and freedom of many Russian peasants. The collective farms failed to produce a food supply sufficient to feed the people resulting in widespread starvation.Japanese emperor Meiji played a large role in the economic development of Japan, as Stalin did in the USSR, but he did so in a very different way. Meiji created state-sponsored factories that were paid for largely with revenue from tax increases imposed on the citizens.However his reforms were broad scope and encompassed many aspects of life. For example, he ended the feudal system in J apan and introduced a modern Westernized system, a very different social change than that of Stalin who pushed his citizens further into poverty.With an increase in industrial production and economic progress, the need for resources also increases, and that was a challenge both countries had to face but dealt with differently according to their needs and the resources they had within their borders. In Japan the demand for resources such as coal and metals needed to fuel production exceeded the resources that could be recovered from its own islands.This lead to a series of imperialistic  military conquests of foreign lands that were brutally colonized in order to export as many raw materials as possible to the industrial factories of Japan. Russia was able to keep the supply of materials flowing into their production lines by obtaining resources from regions within the country.The areas of resources were far from industrial centers so transportation infrastructure had to be built i n order to get the raw materials into factories. The government created projects such as the Trans-Siberian Railroad, with workers sourced from labor camps containing political prisoners and prisoners of war.The life span of these dispensable workers was very short because of the harsh working conditions and poor treatment. In order to feed their industrial production lines the raw materials they needed, both countries went to great lengths to obtain the needed resources, killing countless numbers of civilians in the process.In conclusion the government played a heavy role in economic progress for both nations resulting in huge loses of civilian life, but they spurred on development in different ways. The methods of industrialization each country used set up the stage for how each would interact globally from then on, especially in WWII.